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1.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 68(5): 791-798, Oct. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-562811

ABSTRACT

FXTAS (Fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome) is a late- onset neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly men, over 50 years of age, who are carriers of the FMR1 gene premutation. The full mutation of this gene causes the fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common cause of inherited mental retardation. Individuals affected by FXTAS generally present intention tremor and gait ataxia that might be associated to specific radiological and/or neuropathological signs. Other features commonly observed are parkinsonism, cognitive decline, peripheral neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction. Nearly a decade after its clinical characterization, FXTAS is poorly recognized in Brazil. Here we present a review of the current knowledge on the clinical, genetic and diagnostic aspects of the disease.


A FXTAS (síndrome de tremor e ataxia associada ao X frágil) é uma doença neurodegenerativa de início tardio que afeta principalmente homens acima dos 50 anos de idade, portadores de pré-mutação do gene FMR1. A mutação completa desse gene é responsável pela síndrome do cromossomo X frágil (SXF), a causa mais comum de deficiência mental herdada. Indivíduos afetados pela FXTAS geralmente apresentam tremor de intenção e ataxia de marcha que podem estar associados a sinais radiológicos ou neuropatológicos específicos. Outras características comumente observadas são parkinsonismo, declínio cognitivo, neuropatia periférica e disfunções autonômicas. Quase uma década após sua caracterização clínica, a FXTAS é mal conhecida por médicos no Brasil. Esta revisão apresenta o conhecimento atual sobre os aspectos clínicos, genéticos e diagnósticos da síndrome.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Ataxia , Fragile X Syndrome , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics , Tremor , Ataxia/diagnosis , Ataxia/drug therapy , Ataxia/genetics , Fragile X Syndrome/diagnosis , Fragile X Syndrome/drug therapy , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Tremor/diagnosis , Tremor/drug therapy , Tremor/genetics
2.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 4(1): 79-83, mar. 2010. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-542658

ABSTRACT

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a cause of movement disorders and cognitive decline which has probably been underdiagnosed, especially if its prevalence proves similar to those of progressive supranuclear palsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We report a case of a 74-year-old man who presented with action tremor, gait ataxia and forgetfulness. There was a family history of tremor and dementia, and one of the patient?s grandsons was mentally deficient. Neuropsychological evaluation disclosed a frontal network syndrome. MRI showed hyperintensity of both middle cerebellar peduncles, a major diagnostic hallmark of FXTAS. Genetic testing revealed premutation of the FMR1 gene with an expanded (CGG)90 repeat. The diagnosis of FXTAS is important for genetic counseling because the daughters of the affected individuals are at high risk of having offspring with fragile X syndrome. Tremors and cognitive decline should raise the diagnostic hypothesis of FXTAS, which MRI may subsequently reinforce, while the detection of the FMR1 premutation can confirm the condition.


A síndrome de tremor-ataxia associada ao X-frágil (FXTAS) é uma causa de distúrbios do movimento e de declínio cognitivo que provavelmente tem sido subdiagnosticada, especialmente se a sua prevalência for realmente similar às da paralisia supranuclear progressiva e esclerose lateral amiotrófica. Relatamos um caso de um homem de 74 anos que se apresentou com tremor de ação, ataxia de marcha e esquecimento. Havia história familiar de tremor e de demência e um de seus netos era mentalmente deficiente. A avaliação neuropsicológica demonstrou uma síndrome frontal. A ressonância magnética (RM) revelou hiperintensidade de ambos os pedúnculos cerebelares médios, um critério maior para o diagnóstico de FXTAS. Os testes genéticos confirmaram a presença da pré-mutação do gene FMR1, com uma repetição (CGG)90. O diagnóstico de FXTAS é importante para o aconselhamento genético porque as filhas dos indivíduos afetados tem alto risco de ter uma criança com síndrome do X-frágil. A presença de tremores e declínio cognitivo deve levantar a hipótese diagnóstica de FXTAS, que poderá ser reforçada pela RM e confirmada pela presença da pré-mutação do gene FMR1.


Subject(s)
Humans , Ataxia , Tremor , Essential Tremor , Dementia , Fragile X Syndrome
4.
Genet. mol. biol ; 30(2): 339-342, Mar. 2007. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-452808

ABSTRACT

Chromosomal rearrangements involving partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 and partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 8 have been described both in Pitt-Rogers-Danks syndrome (PRDS) and Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS), the former being considered a milder phenotype of the latter. We describe a patient with partial deletion of chromosome 4 and partial duplication of chromosome 8 documented by array-comparative genomic hybridization (Array-CGH). In addition to the typical features of PRDS, the patient exhibited some clinical signs (genital hypoplasia, radioulnar synostosis and mesomelic limb shortness) infrequently, or never previously, reported in PRDS. These findings broaden the spectrum of anomalies generally associated with these syndromes.

5.
Genet. mol. biol ; 29(3): 423-428, 2006. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-450273

ABSTRACT

The loss-of-function mutation of the FMR1 gene due to expansion of the 5' UTR CGG repeat causes the fragile X syndrome, the most frequent form of inherited mental retardation. On the other hand, the FMR1 premutation, which is transcriptionally active and produces the protein, confers an increased risk for premature ovarian failure (POF) to carrier females. Among 41 unrelated Brazilian women with idiopathic POF, we found three carriers of premutations (CGG expansionse > 59 repeats) and two carriers of high-intermediate alleles (50-55 repeats). Two premutations and two intermediate alleles were detected among the 16 familial POF cases, and one premutated woman, among the 25 sporadic cases. The premutation frequency among the familial cases (12.5 percent) differed significantly from that found in a control group of 96 unrelated Brazilian women aged > 47 years, who had not experience POF and in which no premutations or high-intermediate alleles were detected. In the search for factors influencing the probability of a premutation carrier presenting POF, another 20 unrelated premutated women with POF, from fragile X families, were included in the study. The analysis of the FMR1-linked loci DXS548 and FRAXAC1 did not indicate any association of a particular haplotype with the occurrence of POF. An effect of X-inactivation skewing was not apparent in blood cells, and POF-associated premutations showed a wide range of repeat sizes, from 59, the smallest known to expand to full mutations upon transmission to offspring, to approximately 200.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein , Fragile X Syndrome , Primary Ovarian Insufficiency , Alleles , Brazil , Gene Frequency , Menopause , Mutation
6.
Genet. mol. biol ; 28(1): 10-15, Jan.-Mar. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-399608

ABSTRACT

In order to investigate the stability of the FMR1 (Fragile X Mental Retardation 1) alleles from the normal population, when maternally inherited, we analyzed 75 mother-to-son transmissions. Sixty-eight alleles fell within the common range with 20-40 CGG repeats, and seven alleles were intermediate, with 41-48 repeats. No change was observed either in the length or in the structure of these repeats upon transmission. Fifty-three alleles were ascertained in different families, and their size distribution was similar to those described for European and European-derived populations, with three peaks of frequency: 66 percent of the alleles with (CGG)29, (CGG)30 or (CGG)31, 7.5 percent with (CGG)20, and 5.7 percent with (CGG)23. Regarding the AGG interspersion pattern, 69.8 percent had two AGG repeats, 20.8 percent had one, 5.7 percent had three and 3.8 percent had none. The most common patterns were 10+9+9 (30.2 percent), 9+9+9 (18.9 percent), 10+9 (7.5 percent), and 10+9+10 (7.5 percent). About 70 percent of the alleles with up to 40 repeats were linked to the DXS548/FRAXAC1 haplotype 7-3, the most commonly reported in normal populations. Four out of five intermediate alleles were in linkage with the two haplotypes most frequently associated to the FMR1 full mutation, 2-1 and 6-4. These four alleles showed long uninterrupted CGG repeats at the 3' end. The 9+9+22, 9+9+23 and 9+9+28 alleles were linked to the haplotype 2-1, and the 9+37 allele, to the haplotype 6-4. The pattern of AGG interspersion of these alleles and the associated haplotypes were in accordance with the two main pathways toward mutation previously proposed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Fragile X Syndrome , Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion , Brazil , Intellectual Disability , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
7.
Genet. mol. biol ; 23(3): 545-7, Sept. 2000. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-288982

ABSTRACT

Descrevemos uma duplicaçäo do cromossomo 20 (20pter© 20q12), resultante de uma translocaçäo t(14;20)(q11;q13)mat, em uma menina com retardo do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e anomalias congênitas múltiplas. Trata-se da mais extensa duplicaçäo do cromossomo 20 presente em indivíduo nascido vivo até agora publicada.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Chromosome Aberrations , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20/genetics , Translocation, Genetic , Trisomy
8.
Genet. mol. biol ; 22(4): 471-4, Dec. 1999. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-254974

ABSTRACT

Entrevistamos 193 mulheres de famílias com afetados pela síndrome do cromossomo X frágil, quanto a sua história ginecológica e reprodutiva. Entre as 101 portadoras da pré-mutaçäo, 14 tiveram menopausa precoce, mas nenhuma das 37 portadoras da mutaçäo completa ou das 55 näo portadoras apresentaram esta anomalia. Observamos uma tendência para a concentraçäo da menopausa precoce em certas famílias, o que poderia significar uma peculiaridade de certas pré-mutaçöes. Entretanto, o fato de as mulheres pré-mutadas tenderem a entrar em menopausa mais cedo do que as näo portadoras sugere que a menopausa precoce seja o extremo do espectro de efeitos ovarianos da pré-mutaçäo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Primary Ovarian Insufficiency , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Brazil , Menopause, Premature , Mutation
9.
Rev. bras. genét ; 20(4): 731-9, Dez. 1997. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-219000

ABSTRACT

Realizamos análises citogenéticas e moleculares em 55 famílias com a mutaçäo da síndrome do cromossomo X frágil, loco FMR-1 (318 indivíduos e 15 amostras de vilosidade coriônica). Foram estudados 129 indivíduos do sexo masculino, 75 com retardo mental e 54 normais. Entre os 54 normais, 11 eram portadores da pré-mutaçäo e nenhum apresentou o sítio frágil. Foram detectados 73 portadores da mutaçäo completa e 18 por cento eram mosaicos, ou seja, apresentavam também a pré-mutaçäo. Todos expressaram o sítio frágil em pelo menos um dos sistemas de induçäo utilizados. O tamanho da expansäo de trinucleotídeos CGG (delta) e a freqüência de manifestaçäo do sítio frágil apresentaram correlaçäo positiva. Entre as 153 mulheres normais, 85 eram portadoras da pré-mutaçäo e 15 da mutaçäo completa. A freqüência de expressäo do fra(X) foi zero ou extremamente baixa entre as pré-mutadas e essa freqüência näo diferiu da expressäo das näo portadoras da mutaçäo. Portanto a análise citogenética é ineficaz na determinaçäo de indivíduos pré-mutados, homens ou mulheres. Entre as 51 mulheres com a mutaçäo completa, 70 por cento manifestaram algum grau de comprometimento mental. Encontramos também correlaçäo entre o delta e a freqüência de expressäo do fra(X) nessas mulheres. Contudo, a detecçäo citogenética das mulheres com mutaçäo completa foi menos eficiente do que no caso dos homens, pois 14 por cento de falsos negativos foram observados. A análise de segregaçäo confirmou que o risco de prole afetada aumenta com o delta, e o risco médio de prole afetada para todas as heterozigotas foi de 30 por cento. Näo houve indicaçäo de desvio de segregaçäo nas famílias estudadas, pois o número de indivíduos que herdaram a mutaçäo näo diferiu do número daqueles que herdaram os alelos normais. Näo foi detectada nenhuma mutaçäo nova nas 55 genealogias investigadas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cytogenetics/methods , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Brazil , Intellectual Disability/complications , Molecular Biology , Mutation/genetics
10.
Rev. bras. genét ; 13(4): 669-73, dez. 1990. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-109094

ABSTRACT

Descrevemos o cariótipo do mexilhäo comestível Perna perna (L.). As metáfases mitóticas foram obtidas de embriöes de 16 a 20 horas. O numero diplóide foi de 28, incluindo quatro pares de cromossomos metacêntricos, cinco submetacêntricos, e cinco subtelocêntricos ou acrocêntricos. Estudos preliminares das bandas C revelaram a presença de blocos heterocromáticos intercalares e terminais além dos pericentroméricos


Subject(s)
Chromosomes , Karyotyping , Metaphase , Bivalvia
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